Abstract
The study aimed at detecting 13 organic acids (oxalic acid, maleic acid, citric acid, tartaric acid, malic acid, quinic acid, succinic acid, fumaric acid, formic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, isobutyric acid, and butyric acid) by establishing a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The analysis was performed using two sugar columns, i.e., SH1011 column and KC-811 column. The optimal conditions were as follows: 4 mmol/L HClO4 solution as the eluent with UV-visible detector (210 nm), a flow rate of 1 mL/min at the temperature of 60°C, and the injection volume at 10 μL. The results showed that all the calibration curves had excellent linearity (R2 > 0.9991) within the test ranges. The RSD values of the thirteen analytes were lower than 2.94% at three levels, the recoveries were 91.9%-102.0%, the limit of detection (LOD) was between 0.05 and 10.63 μg/mL, and the quantification (LOQ) was between 0.10 and 19.53 μg/mL. Finally, the proposed methodology was successfully applied for the analysis of organic acids in the culture medium of edible fungi. In conclusion, the study findings proved that the method was sensitive, accurate, reproducible, and could be readily applied to analyze the organic acids in the samples.
1. Introduction
Several fungi can efficiently produce large quantities of metabolites during their growth process. The growth of edible fungi is characterized by the degradation of lignocellulose in the substrates. Degradation of these macromolecules of the raw materials releases metabolites such as water, carbon dioxide, and other low molecules (including organic acids) that are utilized as the nutritional sources by the fungi. However, the gradual accumulation of metabolites might affect the growth process (such as continuous decrease of pH in the substrates) of the edible fungi. Therefore, significant research on the metabolites of edible fungi is warranted. Low molecular weight organic acids are the primary metabolic products of the edible fungi and exhibit several essential metabolic features [1, 2]. However, very few reports on the mechanisms of these metabolic products in promoting edible fungal growth are available except oxalic acid. Oxalic acid is the primary extracellular secretion of fungi and widely acknowledged for its unique features, such as chelating metals [3, 4], reducing the pH value of host tissue by generating H+ through ionization [5–8]. Oxalic acid acts as an electron donor during the lignocellulose degradation and buffering the environment outside of fungal hyphae [9]. Accumulating studies have reported the effects of the organic acids on mycelia growth. Liu et al. [10] demonstrated that the addition of a certain amount of citric acid or succinic acid to the culture medium of Agaricus bisporus could promote the growth of mycelia. Similarly, Wang et al. [11] elucidated that the addition of an appropriate amount of oxalic acid, citric acid, or tartaric acid to a liquid culture medium could significantly increase the mycelial biomass of Pleurotus eryngii and Flammulina velutipes. To date, it is unclear whether organic acids are their valuable metabolites in the growth of edible fungi. Supporting the findings above, a method for the determination of the organic acids in the culture medium of the edible fungi has been established with great significance to study the dynamic changes and metabolic regulation of the organic acids during mycelia cultivation.
To the best of our knowledge, there are several analytical methods for the determination of organic acids, such as capillary electrophoresis, gas chromatography, ion chromatography, and reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography [12, 13]. However, each method has its disadvantages. For capillary electrophoresis, the reproducibility is low, and the results are not precise enough [14–16]. Gas chromatography requiring samples must be analyzed after derivatization [17–19]. Ion chromatography needs a long analyzing cycle and is not suitable for the rapid detection of samples [20–22].
High-performance liquid chromatography is the most reliable method due to its high sensitivity, excellent repeatability, simple operation, and can detect a variety of organic acids simultaneously. It has been widely used for the determination of organic acids in various foods and natural products [23, 24]. At present, most of the researches are revealing the effect of organic acids on their flavor through high-performance liquid chromatography. He et al. established a simultaneous HPLC method for the determination of tartaric acid, malic acid, acetic acid, and citric acid in Lentinula edodes [25]. Yang et al. separated and determined 7 kinds of organic acids in the fruiting bodies of 8 types of edible fungi through reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography and revealed the flavor characteristics of edible mushrooms [26]. However, researches on the detection of organic acids in the culture medium of edible fungi have rarely been reported so far. Therefore, we cross-checked the previous methodologies that used high-performance liquid chromatography for detecting the organic acids and found that most of them used amino columns. These amino columns have a reduced resolution for organic acid and can only detect a few types of organic acids that could not conform to the requirements of a comprehensive analysis [27–29].
Considering the above observations, we used the sugar columns that have a good resolution for detecting more organic acids and simultaneously chose 13 organic acids as the standard compounds to analyze the metabolic products. Two sugar columns, SH1011 column and KC-811 column, were adopted in series to set up a rapid and convenient method in this study. The contents of organic acids in the liquid medium of the edible fungi were also analyzed.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Instruments, Reagents, and Materials
All the analyses were performed on a Waters 2695 liquid chromatography system (Waters, Milford, USA) equipped with a vacuum degasser, a quaternary solvent deliver system, an autosampler, a column compartment, and a w2489 UV visible detector. SH-G guard column (50 mm × 6.0 mm, 7 μm), SH1011 sugar column (300 mm × 8.0 mm, 6 μm), and KC-811 sugar column (300 mm × 8.0 mm, 6 μm) were purchased from Shodex (Tokyo, Japan), the stationary phases of the analytical column and the protective column were a high-capacity cation exchange resin formed by hydrogen-type sulfonated cross-linked polystyrene divinylbenzene copolymer. Deionized water was prepared using a Milli-Q ultrapure water purifier (ELGA, Labwater, Marlow, UK).
All the reagents used in this study were of analytical grade. Perchloric acid used for HPLC was purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Thirteen types of standard substances, such as oxalic acid, maleic acid, citric acid, tartaric acid, malic acid, quinic acid, succinic acid, fumaric acid, formic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, isobutyric acid, and butyric acid, were supplied by Sigma (St. Louis, MO, USA).
L. edodes strain 215 and F. velutipes strain G1 were provided by the Culture Collection Center of the Institute of Edible Fungi at the Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences. The commercially available potato dextrose broth (PDB) (BD Company, USA), 24 g/L was used for the liquid medium, whereas the commercially available potato dextrose agar (PDA) (BD Company, USA), 39 g/L was used for the solid medium.
2.2. Optimization of Chromatographic Conditions
An SH1011 sugar column coupled with a KC-811 sugar column was used as analytical columns, and an SH-G column was used as a guard column. HClO4 solution was used as a mobile phase, and the substances were detected with a UV-visible detector. The chromatographic conditions, including absorption wavelength, the concentration of mobile phase, column temperature, and flow rate, were optimized as follows: to obtain a good resolution of the chromatograms and appropriate retention time of these organic acids, 13 standard solutions were analyzed to investigate the separation resolution through different wavelengths of 200 nm, 210 nm, 220 nm, and 430 nm. The concentration of the mobile phase was formulated for 1, 4, or 6 mmol/L, the column temperature was set at 40, 50, 60, and 70°C, and the flow rate was set at 0.5, 1.0, and 1.2 mL/min.
2.3. Experiment of Standard Curve
Each standard substance (maleic acid and fumaric acid were of 5 mg each, oxalic acid, citric acid, tartaric acid, malic acid, quinic acid, succinic acid, formic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, isobutyric acid, and butyric acid were of 20 mg each) was dissolved in the deionized water in a 10 mL measuring flask, and then, diluted to a series of standard solutions of 2000, 1000, 500, 200, 100, 50, 20, 10, 4, 2, and 0.4 μg/mL to obtain the calibration curves. Later, the relative correction factors were calculated.
2.4. Preparation of Sample Solutions
L. edodes strain 215 was subcultured on a PDA plate (25°C for 7 d). Then, six 9 mm diameter discs of mycelia culture were transferred to a blender cup containing 100 mL PDB and homogenized for 30 s. Aliquots (1 mL) were transferred to 250 mL flasks containing 100 mL PDB medium, and the flasks were incubated at 25°C, 150 r/min. Mycelia were removed through analytical filter paper, and the residual medium was centrifuged at 4°C, and 13400 g for 10 min, and the supernatant was filtered through a membrane filter (0.22 μm). The sample solution of F. velutipes strain G1 was prepared according to the methods used for the preparation of L. edodes strain.
2.5. Determination of Samples
The cultured liquid mediums were used for the present study. Samples were prepared as described in 2.4. The contents of organic acids were calculated using the regression equation from the standard curve.
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Optimization of HPLC Conditions
The HPLC conditions were optimized using standard solutions and samples. A total of 13 components were investigated by comparing the wavelengths of UV absorption. The results indicated that each organic acid had a maximum UV length of 210 nm, and the sharpness and the symmetrical resolution of the peak were better than the other wavelengths. Therefore, 210 nm was considered as the optimal detection wavelength. It is known that increasing the concentration of the mobile phase could increase the resolution, but in our case, the pH of 6 mmol/L HClO4 was only 2.11, which could destroy the columns severely. Similarly, the pH of 4 mmol/L HClO4 was 2.50 and exhibited a good separation for organic acids. Therefore, 4 mmol/L concentration of the mobile phase was chosen as the optimal concentration. By comparing the resolutions and peak shapes of the investigated components, 60°C was chosen as the optimal column temperature. Increasing the elution flow rate could run the retention time of quantitative compounds in advance, but the high flow rate would decrease the resolution, the low flow rate would prolong the analyzing time. After comparing the chromatograms, 1 mL/min of the elution flow rate was selected as the optimal flow rate. Therefore, the method established in this research using SH1011 coupled with KC-811, and 4 mmol/L HClO4 solution was used as mobile phase, the detection wavelength, column temperature, flow rate, and sample volume were 210 nm, 60°C, 1 mL/min, and 10 μL, respectively.
3.2. Standard Curves
At least seven concentrations of standard compounds were diluted and analyzed with three injections. The HPLC chromatography of the standard compounds is illustrated in Figure 1. Thirteen organic acids reached the baseline separation (The concentrations of each organic acid illustrated in Figure 1 were 120, 12.5, 410, 430, 900, 1000, 1000, 17.5, 625, 625, 625, 625, and 625 μg/mL, respectively.). Standard curves of the investigated components were established by plotting the peak areas (Y) versus the concentration of each standard compound (X, μg/mL). The correlation coefficient and test range are listed in Table 1.
Figure 1.
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Table 1.
Linear regression data, LOD, and LOQ of the standard compounds.
| Standard analytes | Linear regression data | LOD (μg/mL) | LOQ (μg/mL) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Regressive equation | Test range (μg/mL) | R2 | |||
| Oxalic acid | Y = 5.67e + 003X − 9.61e + 003 | 4-1000 | 0.9997 | 1.71 | 6.53 |
| Maleic acid | Y = 6.00e + 004X + 1.04e + 004 | 0.4-200 | 0.9991 | 0.05 | 0.10 |
| Citric acid | Y = 5.99e + 002X − 5.25e + 003 | 10-2000 | 0.9998 | 3.23 | 12.93 |
| Tartaric acid | Y = 9.89e + 002X − 2.47e + 003 | 10-2000 | 0.9999 | 3.36 | 7.73 |
| Malic acid | Y = 4.80e + 002X − 4.96e + 003 | 10-2000 | 0.9999 | 3.53 | 14.13 |
| Quinic acid | Y = 2.99e + 002X − 3.446e + 003 | 10-2000 | 0.9999 | 10.63 | 18.97 |
| Succinic acid | Y = 3.37e + 002X − 2.82e + 003 | 10-2000 | 0.9999 | 8.31 | 15.82 |
| Fumaric acid | Y = 4.60e + 004X − 5.53e + 003 | 0.4-200 | 0.9999 | 0.07 | 0.20 |
| Formic acid | Y = 7.11e + 002X − 6.16e + 003 | 10-1000 | 0.9999 | 5.13 | 14.57 |
| Acetic acid | Y = 3.51e + 002 X + 2.90e + 002 | 10-1000 | 0.9999 | 4.89 | 9.77 |
| Propionic acid | Y = 3.46e + 002X − 2.00e + 003 | 10-1000 | 0.9999 | 4.89 | 12.06 |
| Isobutyric acid | Y = 3.79e + 002X − 2.10e + 003 | 10-1000 | 0.9999 | 9.43 | 19.53 |
| Butyric acid | Y = 3.23e + 002X − 9.69e + 002 | 10-1000 | 0.9999 | 4.75 | 9.63 |
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3.3. Limits of Detection and Quantification
The limits of detection (LOD) under the chromatographic conditions were determined at the lowest detectable concentration with a signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) greater than three, and the limits of quantification (LOQ) was determined at the lowest concentration with an S/N greater than ten (Table 1).
3.4. Repeatability Experiment
The standard solution was sampled in five replicates and determined through chromatography. The results showed that the calculated RSD values of the peak area were within the range of 0.43%-2.13%, indicating good repeatability (Table 2).
Table 2.
Data of precision, stability, reproducibility, and recovery.
| Standard analytes | Repeatability RSD (%) | Stability | Reproducibility RSD (%) | Recovery (%) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Peak area RSD (%) | Retention time RSD (%) | ||||
| Oxalic acid | 0.43 | 1.19 | 0.16 | 1.65 | 102.0 |
| Maleic acid | 0.57 | 0.80 | 0.30 | 1.47 | 93.5 |
| Citric acid | 1.61 | 1.83 | 0.16 | 1.08 | 99.5 |
| Tartaric acid | 0.67 | 0.74 | 0.19 | 1.70 | 96.2 |
| Malic acid | 1.05 | 1.22 | 0.13 | 2.08 | 94.7 |
| Quinic acid | 1.15 | 1.75 | 0.11 | 1.23 | 93.8 |
| Succinic acid | 1.55 | 1.52 | 0.07 | 2.22 | 94.2 |
| Fumaric acid | 1.27 | 1.36 | 0.25 | 1.54 | 91.9 |
| Formic acid | 0.75 | 0.74 | 0.10 | 1.49 | 98.1 |
| Acetic acid | 2.13 | 1.77 | 0.05 | 1.12 | 101.8 |
| Propionic acid | 0.87 | 1.27 | 0.05 | 1.05 | 95.6 |
| Isobutyric acid | 1.19 | 1.16 | 0.05 | 1.38 | 94.4 |
| Butyric acid | 1.79 | 2.94 | 0.05 | 0.67 | 95.8 |
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3.5. Reproducibility Experiment
The mixed standard solutions were prepared parallelly within the concentration range of the standard curves for five times. The RSD values were within the range of 0.67%-2.22%, indicating stable reproducibility (Table 2).
3.6. Stability Experiment
The mixed standard solution was determined at 0, 2, 4, 10, 15, and 20 h, respectively. The RSD values of the retention time were within the range of 0.05%-0.30%, and the RSD values of the peak area were within the range of 0.74%-2.94%. This result suggested that the sample was stable within 20 h (Table 2).
3.7. Recovery Experiment
The recovery experiment was performed by adding 50%, 100%, and 150% of individual standards into a known concentration of mixed standards. One sample treated without standards was considered as the control. Then, these samples were prepared and analyzed through chromatography. The chromatography analysis was performed in triplicates at each level. The recovery rate was calculated by the standard amount detected and the standard amount added into the medium. The recovery rates of the investigated compounds were within the range of 91.9%-102%.
3.8. Analysis of Samples
The contents of organic acids in the liquid medium of L. edodes and F. velutipes were analyzed. The results demonstrated that the sample solution of PDB (before incubation) contained citric acid, malic acid, quinic acid, succinic acid, fumaric acid, acetic acid, and butyric acid (Figure 2). There were two unidentified peaks with a Rt of 21.5 min and 23.5 min, respectively, in addition to the expected samples. Oxalic acid, citric acid, malic acid, and succinic acid were detected in the sample solution of L. edodes (Figure 3 and Table 3). Organic acids in the liquid medium of F. velutipes are shown in Table 3. The contents of other organic acids were not detected. It is worth noting that the content of oxalic acid was hardly detected in PDB and increased after the growth of L. edodes or F. velutipes, indicating that oxalic acid was secreted during the growth of mycelia. The contents of oxalic acid, citric acid, malic acid, and succinic acid with large differences between the solutions of L. edodes and F. velutipes were detected. Similarly, only 4 types of organic acids were detected in the former, while 6 kinds were detected in the latter (Table 3). These results indicated that the types and contents of organic acids in the liquid medium of different edible fungi exhibit significant differences. It was also observed that citric acid, malic acid, and succinic acid contents showed a significant decrease after incubation of L. edodes mycelium. In contrast, these organic acids showed an increasing trend after incubation of F. velutipes mycelium in the same culture medium and culture environment. This might have happened due to the differences in the optimal pH required for the growth of different edible fungi. The edible fungus continuously secretes organic acids during the growth process to regulate the pH of its external environment, which could promote its own growth. In contrast, different edible fungi exhibit different abilities for decomposition and utilization of organic acids.
Figure 2.
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Figure 3.
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Table 3.
Contents (μg/mL) of analytes in culture medium of PDB and samples.
| Analytes | PDB | L. edodes | F. velutipes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Oxalic acid | —a | 145.21 ± 2.18c | 283.52 ± 3.28 |
| Citric acid | 257.13 ± 3.22 | 160.92 ± 1.89 | 842.59 ± 4.46 |
| Tartaric acid | +b | — | 77.62 ± 2.17 |
| Malic acid | 289.18 ± 1.74 | 128.26 ± 1.10 | 825.18 ± 13.81 |
| Quinic acid | 47.40 ± 1.06 | + | + |
| Succinic acid | 290.51 ± 5.11 | 170.28 ± 3.84 | 736.18 ± 17.25 |
| Fumaric acid | 0.39 ± 0.01 | — | 3.67 ± 0.13 |
| Acetic acid | 47.85 ± 1.74 | + | + |
| Butyric acid | 43.28 ± 1.39 | + | + |
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aUndetected. bUnder the limit of quantification. cThe data was presented as average of duplicates (n = 3).
The standard column RP-C18 is mostly used to detect the organic acids, which is an alkyl chains bonded silica gel column. This can also be used to separate most of the organic compounds and has a wide range of applications. However, it shows a low efficiency in analyzing multiple organic acids. The current study results demonstrated that the sugar columns, such as SH1011 coupled with KC-811, were able to analyze around 13 organic acids simultaneously. Compared with the analytical columns commonly used in the current research [12, 24, 27, 28], the stationary phase of SH1011 and KC-811 used in this study exhibit a high-capacity cation exchange resin that is formed by the hydrogen-type sulfonated cross-linked polystyrene divinylbenzene copolymer, including Donnan repulsion, space repulsion, and adsorption processes. It also exhibits a good separation in analyzing organic acids. The systematic methodological investigation also suggests this method to be a better choice for analyzing multiple organic acids.
4. Conclusion
Our results concluded that the HPLC is the most convenient and reliable methodology for detecting organic acids due to excellent precision, stability, and capability of determining the organic acids in the liquid culture or the corresponding culture environment of the edible fungus for a long-term. Moreover, the utilization of the sugar columns, such as SH1011 coupled with KC-811, was capable of detecting 13 organic acids simultaneously, with a good separation. A guard column SH-G was used to remove protein from the sample and protect the columns from contamination. Compared to the existing research on the analysis of organic acids, the utilization of sugar columns in our methodology successfully analyzed around 13 organic acids simultaneously. In addition, the contents of organic acids in the culture medium of L. edodes and F. velutipes were also determined. Of which oxalic acid, citric acid, malic acid, and succinic acid were the major organic acids in the two samples. Therefore, this method could be widely used for the analysis of multiple organic acids and might provide a theoretical basis for exploring the mechanism behind the effects of organic acids on the growth of mycelium.
Acknowledgments
This work was supported financially by the China Agriculture Research System (Grant no. CARS20).
Contributor Information
Mingjie Chen, Email: mjchen@saas.sh.cn.
Qingjiu Tang, Email: tangqingjiu@saas.sh.cn.
Data Availability
The data set supporting the conclusions of this study is available and we have agreed to share the data set. You can contact us by email to obtain the raw data in our manuscript.
Conflicts of Interest
No conflicts of interest prevail among researchers.
Authors' Contributions
Changxia Yu, Yan Wang, Hui Cao, Mingjie Chen, and Qingjiu Tang developed the study idea, concept, and the overall study design in addition to planning and coordinating the study. Yan Zhao and Zhengpeng Li carried out formal analysis; Yan Zhao, Hong Wang, and Mingjie Chen handled funding acquisition; Changxia Yu and Zhengpeng Li carried out the investigation; Changxia Yu, Yan Wang, and Qingjiu Tang were responsible for methodology; Changxia Yu wrote the paper; Mingjie Chen edited the paper. Hui Cao and Qingjiu Tang supervised the study.
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Associated Data
This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.
Data Availability Statement
The data set supporting the conclusions of this study is available and we have agreed to share the data set. You can contact us by email to obtain the raw data in our manuscript.
